- Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect, which means it is a heart condition that a child is born with. It is called “tetralogy” because it involves four different abnormalities in the structure of the heart. These problems affect how blood flows through the heart and to the rest of the body.
The four defects that make up Tetralogy of Fallot include ventricular septal defect (a hole between the lower chambers of the heart), pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery), an overriding aorta, and thickening of the right ventricle muscle. These abnormalities reduce the amount of oxygen-rich blood that reaches the body.
Children with TOF may develop a bluish color of the skin, lips, or fingernails due to low oxygen levels in the blood. This condition is often referred to as “blue baby syndrome.” Other symptoms may include difficulty breathing, fatigue, poor weight gain, and episodes of fainting or sudden weakness.
Tetralogy of Fallot is usually diagnosed during infancy through tests such as echocardiography, chest X-ray, or cardiac imaging.
The main treatment for TOF is heart surgery, usually performed during infancy or early childhood. The surgery repairs the defects and improves blood flow to the lungs and the rest of the body.
With proper treatment and follow-up care, most children with Tetralogy of Fallot can grow up to live active and healthy lives.